| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Roger Hilsman ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Roger Hilsman
Roger Hilsman, Jr. (November 23, 1919 – February 23, 2014) was an American soldier, government official, political scientist, and author. He served in Merrill's Marauders, and then with the Office of Strategic Services as a guerrilla leader, in the China-Burma-India Theater of World War II. He later was an aide and adviser to President John F. Kennedy and, briefly, to President Lyndon B. Johnson, in the U.S. State Department while serving as Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research during 1961–63 and Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs during 1963–64. There Hilsman was a key and controversial figure in the development of U.S. policies in South Vietnam during the early stages of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.〔 He left government in 1964 to teach at Columbia University, retiring in 1990. He was a Democratic Party nominee for election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1972 but lost in the general election. He was the author of many books about American foreign policy and international relations.
==Early life, military service, and education==
Hilsman was born on November 23, 1919, in Waco, Texas〔 the son of Roger Hilsman, Sr., a career officer with the United States Army, and Emma Prendergast Hilsman. He lived in Waco only briefly,〔 growing up on a series of military posts.〔 He attended public schools for a while in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hilsman spent part of his childhood in the Philippines where his father was a company commander and later commandant of cadets at Ateneo de Manila, a Jesuit college.〔 His father was a distant figure whom the young Hilsman endeavored to gain the approval of, such as by choosing a military career.〔〔 Back in the United States, Hilsman attended Sacramento High School in Sacramento, California, where he was a leader in a Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program and graduated in 1937.〔[Millard's Preparatory School in Washington, D.C.,〔 and another traveling around Europe, including a visit to Nazi Germany,〔 Hilsman attended the United States Military Academy and graduated in 1943〔 with a B.S. degree and as a second lieutenant.〔 Meanwhile, with the outbreak of U.S. involvement in World War II, his father, a colonel, fought under General Douglas MacArthur during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines.〔 Two weeks into the conflict, newspaper reports described Colonel Hilsman as still holding Davao on the island of Mindanao. Later reports reflected his retreat to Malaybalay after facing overwhelming Japanese forces, followed by another move onto the island of Negros after which he was captured by the Japanese once all the islands were surrendered during 1942.〔]
After leaving West Point the younger Hilsman was immediately posted to the South-East Asian theatre of World War II and joined the Merrill's Marauders long-range penetration jungle warfare unit, fighting the Japanese during the Burma Campaign.〔 There he found morale to be poor due to typhus outbreaks and unhappiness with the generals leading the unit.〔 He participated in infantry operations during the battle for Myitkyina in May 1944 and suffered multiple stomach wounds from a Japanese machine gun while on a reconnaissance patrol.〔〔〔
After recovering in army field hospitals, Hilsman joined the Office of Strategic Services.〔 By now a lieutenant,〔 he at first served as a liaison officer to the British Army in Burma.〔 He then volunteered to be put in command of a guerrilla warfare battalion, organized and supplied by OSS Detachment 101, of some three hundred local partisans, mercenaries, and irregulars of varying ethnicities, operating behind the lines of the Japanese in Burma.〔〔 There he developed an interest in guerrilla tactics and found them personally preferable to being part of infantry assaults.〔〔 By early 1945 Hilsman was considered, as Detachment 101 commander William R. Peers later stated, to be one of a number of the guerillas' "good ... junior officers, every one outstanding and experienced."〔 Hilsman's group made hit-and-run attacks on Japanese forces and kept a Japanese regiment ten times its size occupied far from the front lines,〔 all the while staging their own battle with ever-present leeches and other insects and various diseases.〔 In one particular engagement in May 1945, Hilsman led mixed company of Kachins, Burmese, and Karens in staging successful raids in the area between Lawksawk and Taunggyi, culminating in a carefully orchestrated ambush that caused a hundred casualties among the Japanese at no cost to the guerillas. Hilsman wanted to deploy his unit further south into the Inle Lake area but was constrained by orders to help hold the road between Taunggyi and Kengtung.〔
Soon after the Japanese surrender in 1945, Hilsman was part of an OSS group that staged a parachute mission into Northeast China to liberate American prisoners held in a Japanese POW camp near Shenyang.〔 There he found his father, who became one of the first prisoners to be freed.〔 His father asked as they hugged, "What took you so long?" At some point, Hilsman was promoted to captain.〔 (Decades later, Hilsman related his wartime experiences in his 1990 memoir ''American Guerrilla: My War Behind Japanese Lines''.)
Returning from the war, Hilsman served in the OSS as assistant chief of Far East intelligence operations during 1945–46, and then once the Central Intelligence Agency had been created, served in it in the role of special assistant to executive officer during 1946–47〔 (he belonged to the Central Intelligence Group during the interim period between the two organizations).
Hilsman married the former Eleanor Willis Hoyt in 1946.〔 They raised four children together.〔〔 Sponsored by the Army, Hilsman attended Yale University,〔 earning a master's degree in 1950 and a Ph.D. in 1951 in political science.〔〔 For both degrees he specialized in international relations〔 and he studied under noted professors Arnold Wolfers and William T. R. Fox.〔
By 1951 Hilsman had risen to the rank of major.〔 He worked on planning for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe with the Joint American Military Advance Group in London during 1950–52 and as part of the International Policies Division of the United States European Command in Frankfurt, Germany during 1952–53.〔〔〔〔 Waiting for the end of hostilities in the Korean War, he resigned from the United States Army in 1953 but kept reserve status.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Roger Hilsman」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|